Abstract: In the critical phase of comprehensively transitioning towards green economic and social development, the data factor, as a new type of production factor, holds significant strategic importance for driving enterprise green technology innovation. Utilizing data from China's A-share listed companies spanning 2011 to 2023, this paper empirically examines the impact and internal mechanisms through which the data factor influences enterprise green technology innovation. The findings reveal that:(1) The data factor can significantly enhance the level of enterprise green technology innovation, and this effect exhibits multi-dimensional heterogeneity. Spatiotemporally, its influence demonstrates a dynamic evolutionary pattern from initial exploration to continuous deepening, characterized by spatial variation—marked by a pronounced promotional effect in eastern regions and a discernible inhibitory effect in some western provinces. Structurally and in terms of endowment, this positive effect is more evident in high-tech industries and talent-agglomerated regions.(2) Mechanism analysis indicates that the synergistic integration of the data factor with capital and labor factors creates an innovative synergy, thereby advancing enterprise green technology innovation. Furthermore, the data factor enhances green technology innovation by alleviating information asymmetry and attracting green investors.(3) Threshold effect tests reveal that the green innovation effect of the data factor exhibits a double-threshold characteristic based on the level of digital economic development, following a clear pattern of increasing marginal returns. This study provides empirical evidence and policy insights for constructing a data-driven green innovation system and fostering high-quality economic development.