Abstract: Building a strong agricultural country is a strategic choice to ensure national food security and take the initiative in development. As one of the world's agricultural powers, the evolution and practical experience of the United States' agricultural policy system have important reference value for China's construction of an agricultural powerhouse. US agricultural policy, centered on rule of law, marketization, and technological innovation, has established a relatively mature policy framework. In contrast, China's agricultural policies are currently undergoing a transition from incremental investment to a balance between institutional innovation and quality improvement, with a greater emphasis on urban-rural integration, green development, and modernization of governance systems. The common trend in the development of agricultural policies in China and the United States is to strengthen market mechanisms, attach importance to technological innovation, and promote sustainable development. However, there are differences in the focus of policy objectives, the degree of legalization, the financial support structure, and the risk management system. China can dialectically learn from the experience of the United States, further improve its agricultural legislative system, and construct a market-oriented policy support model, promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and the pricing of ecological services, in order to achieve high-quality agricultural development and the strategic goal of building a strong agricultural country.